A collection of studies on the relationship between religious music and political power in the first decades of the 17th century. The musical culture of the court of Philip III – both in Madrid and Valladolid – or the institutions linked to it, such as the monasteries of the Royal Barefoot Friars and El Escorial, plus the socio-economic environment and the mechanisms for the distribution of Victoria’s work in the Iberian Peninsula and the American colonies are all themes for analyses which shed new light on the production of polyphonic Castilian and highlight its uniqueness in that era.